Plastic pallet with centerline markings and associated methods

ABSTRACT

A pallet includes a top deck having a rectangular shape, a bottom deck having a rectangular shape, and spaced apart corner support blocks and spaced apart intermediate support blocks coupled between the top and bottom decks and forming a gap therebetween for receiving a lifting member. Centerline markings are carried by at least one of the top deck, the bottom deck, and the corner and intermediate support blocks so as to provide a visual aid to an operator of the lifting member.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/357,253 filed on Nov. 21, 2016, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of pallets, and moreparticularly, to a plastic pallet for use with forklift equipment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pallets are customarily used to transport and store goods. A pallettypically includes a top deck and a bottom deck separated by supportblocks. Pallets have traditionally been formed of wood. Whileadvantageous in terms of cost, wood pallets have many disadvantages. Forexample, they are subject to breakage and are therefore reusable onlyover a short period of time. Wooden pallets are also difficult tomaintain in a sanitary condition, thereby limiting their usability inapplications where sanitation is important, such as in food handlingapplications.

With growth of the plastics industry a wide variety of plastics havebeen investigated to determine their suitability for use in producingpallets. Plastic pallets can easily be molded and are stronger andlighter weight than wooden pallets. They can also be made withrecyclable materials.

Plastic pallets are generally more durable than wooden pallets.Nonetheless, the support blocks separating the top and bottom decks aresubjected to the most intense wear of any part on the pallet since theycome into repeated contact with the sharp metal tines of a forklift orpallet jack.

In addition, if the tines of the pallet jack are inserted too farbetween the top and bottom decks such that the wheels of the pallet jackare resting on the bottom deck, then the top deck becomes separated fromthe bottom deck when the tines are lifted. The resulting damage from thetop deck being separated from the bottom deck requires the top deck tobe replaced, and if the damage is too extensive, then the entire palletis replaced.

If only the support blocks are damaged by the pallet jack, then they maybe replaced at a cost far less than replacing the entire pallet. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,052 discloses a plastic pallet having a topdeck and a bottom deck, with replaceable support blocks therebetween.The support blocks include octagonal posts having support member wallspositioned beneath reinforced portions of the top deck. The posts alsohave a sleeve with a central bolt hole parallel to the support memberwalls. The bottom deck receives the support blocks in recessed pockets.Plastic bolts are inserted through the top deck, each post, and thebottom deck. Plastic T-nuts are used for holding the bolts in place.

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,976 a plastic pallet includes identical top andbottom decks interconnected by support blocks. Each support blockincludes a central core and a surrounding sleeve interconnected byspokes. The core has flexible tabs that extend beyond opposite ends ofthe sleeve and lock onto the top and bottom decks.

The plastic pallet disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,791,261 also disclosesthe use of flexible tabs for holding the top and bottom decks together.In particular, the plastic pallet includes support blocks between thetop and bottom decks, and upper and lower snap-lock elements extend fromthe respective top and bottom decks through the support blocks forinter-locking with one another.

While plastic pallets offer several advantages over wood pallets, thereis still a demand to increase durability and strength of plasticpallets.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A pallet includes a top deck having a rectangular shape, a bottom deckhaving a rectangular shape, and a plurality of spaced apart cornersupport blocks and a plurality of intermediate support blocks coupledbetween the top and bottom decks and forming a gap therebetween forreceiving a lifting member. Centerline markings may be carried by atleast one of the top deck, the bottom deck, and the plurality of cornerand intermediate support blocks.

The centerline markings advantageously provide a visual aid to anoperator of a forklift, for example, to better see the gaps or openingsbetween the top and bottom decks of the plastic pallet. The visual aidson the pallet thus help to reduce impacts with the tines of theforklift.

Each centerline marking may comprise a reflective material, a tapedcenterline marking, a painted centerline marking, or a pad printedcenterline marking, for example.

Alternatively, each centerline marking may comprise pre-molded plastichaving a first color surrounded by molded plastic having a second color,with the first color being lighter than the second color.

Each centerline marking may be recessed with respect to a mountingsurface on at least one of the top deck, the bottom deck, and theplurality of intermediate and corner support blocks having thecenterline markings.

The top and bottom decks each have outer exposed edges, and thecenterline markings may comprise centerline markings on the outer edges,with the centerline markings extending on the outer edges between thecorner support blocks and the intermediate support blocks. Eachcenterline marking extending between a corner support block and anintermediate support block may include a gap corresponding to a centerbetween the corner support block and the intermediate support block.

Each corner and intermediate support block may comprise first and secondpairs of opposing exposed support block side surfaces, and a respectiveexposed support block corner surface extending between an exposedsupport block side surface in the first pair of exposed support blockside surfaces and an adjacent exposed support block side surface in thesecond pair of exposed support block side surfaces. The centerlinemarkings may comprise a centerline marking carried by each exposedsupport block corner surface.

Each corner and intermediate support block may comprise first and secondpairs of opposing exposed support block side surfaces, with each exposedsupport block side surface having a pocket formed therein for receivingan end of the lifting member so as to allow the pallet to be spunaround.

For each exposed support block side surface that is aligned with anadjacent outer edge of the top and bottom decks, the correspondingpocket in the exposed support block side surface may be recessed fromthe adjacent outer edge.

Each exposed support block side surface block having the pocket formedtherein may include an outer exposed wall surrounding the pocket, andwherein the pocket may include a bottom surface and adjacent sidesurfaces, with the adjacent side surfaces being non-orthogonal withrespect to the outer exposed wall and the bottom surface.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet as describedabove. The method may comprise forming a top deck having a rectangularshape, forming a bottom deck having a rectangular shape, and coupling aplurality of spaced apart corner support blocks and a plurality ofintermediate support blocks between the top and bottom decks and forminga gap therebetween for receiving a lifting member. Centerline markingsare attached to at least one of the top deck, the bottom deck, and theplurality of corner and intermediate support blocks so as to provide avisual aid to an operator of the lifting member.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a plastic pallet with support blockshaving pockets for pin wheeling in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a corner support block shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of an intermediate support blockshown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 4-6 are perspective views of different embodiments of the cornersupport blocks shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged perspective view of a corner of the bottom deckshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of a corner support block shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the plastic pallet shown in FIG. 1 withcenterline markings.

FIG. 10 is an upper perspective view of the corner support block shownin FIG. 1 with an upper tower extending therefrom.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged perspective view of a corner of the top deckshown in FIG. 1 with an upper tower opening therein.

FIG. 12 is a lower perspective view of the corner support block shown inFIG. 1 with paired projections extending therefrom.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged perspective view of a corner of the bottom deckshown in FIG. 1 with paired projection openings therein.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged perspective view of an underside of the plasticpallet shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a snap-pin used in the plastic palletshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 16 is a partial cut-away perspective view of the plastic palletshown in FIG. 1 with tubular inserts in the top deck.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a corner of the plastic palletshown in FIG. 1 exposing a tubular insert in the top deck.

FIG. 18 is an exploded view of another embodiment of the support blocksshown in FIG. 1 with inner and outer blocks.

FIG. 19 is an upper perspective view of the support block shown in FIG.18 with the upper and lower blocks joined together.

FIG. 20 is a lower perspective view of the support block shown in FIG.18 with the upper and lower blocks joined together.

FIG. 21 is an upper perspective view of another embodiment of thesupport blocks shown in FIG. 1 with upper and lower towers.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a pallet with the support blockshown in FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a corner of the pallet shown in FIG. 22without the support block to show an interlocking tower assembly thatextends through the support block.

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the interlocking tower assemblyshown in FIG. 22 fully seated.

FIGS. 25-27 are cross-sectional views of the interlocking tower assemblyshown in FIG. 22 at different stages of not being fully seated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodimentsof the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Likenumbers refer to like elements throughout.

Referring initially to FIGS. 1-2, a plastic pallet 20 includes a topdeck 30 having a rectangular shape, a bottom deck 40 having arectangular shape, and a plurality of spaced apart corner support blocks50 coupled between corners of the top and bottom decks and forming a gaptherebetween for receiving a lifting member. The lifting member may bethe metal tines of a forklift or pallet jack. The top deck 30 is alsoknown as the cargo layer, and the bottom deck 40 is also known as thebase layer. The plastic pallet 20 further includes intermediate supportblocks 80 coupled between mid-sections of the top and bottom decks 30,40.

Each corner support block 50 includes a pair of exposed support blockside surfaces 52, 54 aligned with a respective corner of the pallet 20.Each exposed support block side surface 52, 54 has a pocket 60 formedtherein for receiving an end of the lifting member so as to allow thepallet 20 to be spun around when on the ground.

The remaining exposed support block side surfaces of each corner supportblock 50 also have respective pockets 60 formed therein. Consequently,the exposed sides of each corner support block 50 are symmetrical withrespect to their opposing sides. In the illustrated embodiment, eachcorner support block 50 is rectangular shape, wherein the exposedsupport block side surface 54 is longer in length than the other exposedsupport block side surface 52. In other embodiments, the exposed supportblock side surfaces 52, 54 are equal in length so that the cornersupport block 50 is square shaped.

The plastic pallet 20 may have dimensions of 40 inches by 48 inches, forexample. Sometimes the load on the pallets 20 may overhang the sides ofthe pallets. When such pallets 20 are loaded onto a 96 inch widetrailer, for example, some of the pallets 20 will need to be turned orrotated 90 degrees by the forklift operator so that two pallets will fitnext to each other.

Rotating a pallet 20 by the forklift operator is known as pin wheeling.To pin wheel a pallet 20, the operator of the forklift uses one of thesharp metal tines of the forklift to contact one of the pockets 60 of anexposed side surface of a corner support block 50. The pocket 60advantageously allows the tine to grip the pallet for it to be spun 90degrees. Without the pocket, the tine may dig into one of the exposedsupport block side surfaces 52, 54 causing damage to the corner supportblock 50.

Each pocket 60 is recessed from respective adjacent outer edges 32, 34of the top deck 30 and from respective adjacent outer edges 42, 44 ofthe bottom deck 40. The exposed support block side surfaces 52, 54 ofeach corner support block 50 having the pocket 60 formed therein includean outer exposed wall 62 surrounding the pocket.

The pocket 60 includes a bottom surface 64 and adjacent side surfaces66, with the adjacent side surfaces being non-orthogonal or angled withrespect to the outer exposed wall 62 and the bottom surface.Alternatively, the adjacent side surfaces 66 may be orthogonal orperpendicular with respect to the outer exposed wall 62 and the bottomsurface 64.

Each corner support block 50 comprises an exposed support block cornersurface 70 extending between the pair of exposed support block sidesurfaces 52, 54. Each corner support block 50 thus has an octagon shape.The exposed support block corner surface 70 may be straight or roundedto match the corresponding exposed corner surfaces 35, 45 in the top andbottom decks 30, 40.

Similarly, each intermediate support block 80 includes a plurality ofexposed support block side surfaces 82, with each exposed support blockside surface having a having a pocket 90 formed therein, as illustratedin FIG. 3. One of the exposed support block side surfaces 82 is alignedwith the outer edges 32, 34 of the top and bottom decks 30, 40.

Each intermediate support block 80 also includes an exposed supportblock corner surface 86 extending between any two adjacent pairs ofexposed support block side surfaces 82. The pockets 90 in theintermediate support block 80 are similar to the pockets 60 in thecorner support block 50.

The corner and intermediate support blocks 50, 80 with pockets 60, 90for pin wheeling are not limited to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3.The corner support block 100 illustrated in FIG. 4, for example, isdefined by a single column 102 aligned with the corner of the pallet,and with an upper ledge 104 and a lower ledge 106 extending from eachside of the single column around a perimeter of the corner support block100. The exposed support block side surfaces 108 extending between theupper and lower ledges 104, 106 form the pocket 110. Transitions betweenthe single column 102 and the exposed support block side surfaces 108and the upper and lower ledges 104, 106 are curved.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the corner support block 120 is defined by fourcolumns 122 with an exposed support block side surface 124 extendingbetween any two adjacent columns. One of the columns 122 is aligned withthe corner of the pallet. Each exposed support block side surface 124forms a pocket 130 with respect to its adjacent columns 122. Transitionsbetween each column 122 and the exposed support block side surfaces 124are curved.

In yet another embodiment, each corner support block 140 is defined byfour columns 142 with an exposed support block side surface 144extending between any two adjacent columns, as illustrated in FIG. 6.Each exposed support block side surface 144 forms a pocket 150 withrespect to its adjacent columns 142. In this embodiment, however, thecorner support block 140 is positioned so that a pocket 150 is alignedwith the corner of the pallet. In addition, the corner support block 140is square shaped so that the transitions between each column 142 and theexposed support block side surfaces 144 are significantly curved.

Referring now to FIGS. 2, 7 and 8, another aspect of the illustratedpallet 20 is directed to each corner support block 50 having a cornerguard or block tooth 170 to protect a corner of the bottom deck 40 fromimpact with the tines of a forklift or pallet jack.

As discussed above, each corner of the bottom deck 40 has a pair ofexposed bottom deck side surfaces 42, 44, and an exposed bottom deckcorner surface 45 extending between the pair of exposed bottom deck sidesurfaces.

Each exposed support block side surface 52, 54 that is aligned with arespective corner has lower end sections 150 and a lower mid-section 152extending between the lower end sections. The lower mid-section 152 isrecessed with respect to the lower end sections 150. The exposed supportblock corner surface 70 that extends between the pair of exposed supportblock side surfaces 52, 54 has a lower corner section 172 aligned withthe lower end sections 150 of the adjacent exposed support block sidesurfaces 52, 54 so as to protect the corner of the bottom deck 40.

The bottom deck 40 further includes a pair of elevated exterior ridges162 adjacent each corner. Each elevated exterior ridge 162 contacts acorresponding lower mid-section 152 of an exposed support block sidesurface 52, 54.

One of the exposed bottom deck side surfaces 42 adjacent each cornerincludes an interior backstop 172 contacting an interior of one of theexposed support block side surfaces 52. Should the corner support block50 be impacted with the times of a forklift on the exposed support blockside surface 52, then the interior backstop 172 helps to absorb some ofthe impact. The interior backstop 172 is located on the short side ofthe corner support block 50.

Respective portions 182, 184, 185 of the exposed bottom deck sidesurfaces 42, 44 and the exposed bottom deck corner surface 45 arebeveled or angled with respect to a bottom surface of the bottom deck.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet 20 withpockets 60 as described above. The method includes forming a top deck 30having a rectangular shape, forming a bottom deck 40 having arectangular shape, and forming a plurality of spaced apart cornersupport blocks 50 to be coupled between corners of the top and bottomdecks and forming a gap therebetween for receiving a lifting member.Each corner support block 50 includes a pair of exposed support blockside surfaces 52, 54 aligned with a respective corner, with each exposedsupport block side surface having a pocket 60 formed therein forreceiving an end of the lifting member so as to allow the pallet to bespun around.

The plastic pallet 20 with centerline markings 180, 182, 184 will now bediscussed in reference to FIG. 9. The centerline markings 180, 18 x 2,184 advantageously provide a visual aid to an operator of a forklift,for example, to better see the gaps or openings between the top andbottom decks 30, 40 of the plastic pallet 20. The visual aids on theplastic pallet 20 thus help to reduce impacts with the tines of theforklift.

The pallet 20 includes a top deck 30 having a rectangular shape withexposed outer edges 32, 34, and a bottom deck 40 having a rectangularshape with exposed outer edges 42, 44. Spaced apart corner supportblocks 50 are coupled between corners of the top and bottom decks 30, 40and form a gap therebetween. The plastic pallet 20 further includesintermediate support blocks 80 coupled between mid-sections of the topand bottom decks 30, 40.

In the illustrated embodiment, the top deck 30 has centerline markings180, the bottom deck 40 has centerline markings 182, and each cornersupport block 50 has centerline markings 184. In addition, eachintermediate support block 80 has centerline markings 186.

In other embodiments, the plastic pallet 20 may include one or anycombination of the centerline markings 180, 182, 184, 186, as readilyappreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, the centerlinemarkings 184, 186 are on the intermediate and corner support blocks 80,50 and not on the top and bottom decks 30, 40. Alternatively, thecenterline markings 180, 182 are on the top and bottom decks 30, 40 andnot on the intermediate and corner support blocks 80, 50, as anotherexample.

The centerline markings 180-186 preferably comprise a reflective anddurable material. The centerline markings 180-186 may be applied in anumber of different ways. For example, the centerline markings 180-186may be painted, they may be pad printed, or they may be in the form oftape or stickers. In some applications the surfaces of the pallet 20receiving the centerline markings 180-186 are recessed to increasedurability.

The centerline markings 180-186 may also be applied during an in-linemolding process. The centerline markings 180-186 are pre-molded with alighter color plastic. The pre-molded centerline markings 180-186 arethen placed in the respective molds when the top and bottom decks 30, 40and the intermediate and corner support blocks 80, 50 are formed with adarker color plastic. The darker color plastic is contrasted with thelighter color plastic of the pre-molded centerline markings 180-186.

In the illustrated embodiment for the top deck 30, the exposed outeredges 32, 34 have centerline markings 180. Similarly, the exposed outeredges 42, 44 of the bottom deck 40 have centerline markings 182. Therespective centerline markings extend between each corner support block50 and an intermediate support block 80, as illustrated. As alsoillustrated, there is a gap or break in the centerline markings 180, 182to indicate a center of the gap between an adjacent corner support block50 and an intermediate support block 80.

Alternatively, the centerline markings 180, 182 may be continuous so asto not include such a gap. Moreover, the centerline markings 180, 182may be continuous so as to extend across a width of the pallet 20, i.e.,between corner support blocks 50.

With respect to the corner support blocks 50, the centerline markings186 are carried by the exposed corner surface 170 extending between thepair of exposed side surfaces 52, 54. The centerline marking 186 may bepositioned at a center of the exposed corner surface 170, asillustrated. Alternatively, the centerline marking 186 may be continuousalong a length or height of the exposed corner surface 170. Thecontinuous centerline marking may further include a gap or break toindicate a center of the corner support block 50.

The centerline markings 184 on the intermediate support block 80 aresimilar to the centerline markings on the corner support blocks 50. Eachcenterline marking 184 on the intermediate support block 80 is carriedby an exposed support block corner surface 86.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet 20 withcenterline markings 180, 182, 184, 186 as described above. The methodincludes forming a top deck 30 having a rectangular shape, forming abottom deck 40 having a rectangular shape, and coupling a plurality ofspaced apart corner support blocks 50 and a plurality of intermediatesupport blocks 80 between the top and bottom decks and forming a gaptherebetween for receiving a lifting member. Centerline markings 180,182, 184, 186 are attached to at least one of the top deck 30, thebottom deck 40, and the plurality of corner and intermediate supportblocks 50, 80 so as to provide a visual aid to an operator of thelifting member.

Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, another aspect of the plastic pallet20 is directed to the corner support blocks 50 each having an uppertower 210 that is received by a corresponding upper tower opening 220 inthe top deck 30. The upper tower 210 advantageously provides a shearload transfer during impact with the tines of a forklift or pallet jack.Likewise, the intermediate support blocks 80 also have upper towers.Discussion of the upper tower 210 for the corner support blocks 50 isalso applicable to the intermediate support blocks 80.

The top deck 30 has a rectangular shape with spaced apart upper andlower surfaces. The lower surface 31 of the top deck 30 has a pluralityof upper tower openings 220 therein.

Each corner support block 50 includes an outer wall 51 enclosing acenter area, and a core structure 200 having a rectangular shape withinthe center area. Upper surfaces of the core structure 200 and the outerwall 51 are coplanar.

The upper tower 210 extends outwards from the core structure 200 andinto a corresponding upper tower opening 220 in the top deck 30 so as toprovide a shear load transfer during impact with the lifting member, forexample. The core structure 200 and the upper tower 210 have a same sizerectangular shape. In addition, the sidewalls of the core structure 200are aligned with the sidewalls of the upper tower 210. Each supportblock 50 is formed as a monolithic or one-piece support block.

A first set of ribs 202 is between the outer wall 51 and the corestructure 200. A second set of ribs 204 is within an interior area ofthe upper tower 210. The first and second set of ribs 202, 204 providereinforcement to the corner support block 50 to improve impactperformance.

Interface of the corner support blocks 50 to the bottom deck 40 will nowbe discussed in reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. The bottom deck 40 hasspaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with the upper surface 41 havinga plurality of paired projection openings 230 therein. The pairedprojection openings 230 are separated by a portion of the upper surfacearea 232 of the bottom deck 40. Each paired projection openings 230 isaligned with a corresponding upper tower opening 220 in the top deck 30.

Each corner support block 50 further includes paired projections 53extending from a lower surface of the core structure 200 and intocorresponding paired projection openings 230 in the bottom deck 40. Thepair projections 53 are separated by a portion 57 of a bottom surfacearea of the core structure 200. The paired projections 53 alsoadvantageously provide a shear load transfer during impact with thetines of a forklift or pallet jack.

Portions 234 of the paired projection openings 230 in the bottom deck 40are tapered. Similarly, portions 55 of the paired projections 53 on thesupport blocks 50 are tapered as well. The tapered portions 234 of thepaired projection openings 230 are angled towards the core structure200, and the tapered portions 55 of the paired projections 53 are alsoangled towards the core structure. The tapered portions 55, 234 allowthe paired projections 53 to be more easily inserted into the pairedprojection openings 230.

Once the top and bottom decks 30, 40 are joined with the corner andintermediate support blocks 50, 80, snap-pins 250 may be used to holdthe pallet 20 together, as illustrated in FIGS. 14-15. A snap-pin 250 isinserted through each corner and intermediate support block 50, 80. Anadvantage of the snap-pins 250 is that they act as fusible links in theevent an excessive separation force is applied between the top andbottom decks 30, 40.

This separation force may result when the wheels of a pallet jack areresting on the bottom deck 40, and the tines extending from the palletjack are lifted upwards. This causes the top deck 30 to become separatedfrom the lower deck 40. The snap-pins 250 will snap or break when theseparation force becomes too excessive. Consequently, instead ofreplacing the entire top deck 30, the broken snap-pins 250 are replacedinstead.

The top deck 30 has upper snap-pin openings 260 extending therethrough,as illustrated in FIG. 11. The bottom deck 40 has lower snap-pinopenings 262 extending therethrough and aligned with the upper snap-pinopenings 260, as illustrate in FIG. 13. More particularly, each uppersnap-pin opening 260 extends through a corresponding upper tower opening220 in the top deck 30. Each lower snap-pin opening 262 extends betweencorresponding paired projection openings 230 in the bottom deck 40.

The upper tower 210 in each corner support block 50 includes a snap-pinchannel 264 extending therethrough and aligned with respective upper andlower snap-pin openings 260, 262 in the top and bottom decks 30, 40. Thesecond set of ribs 204 contacts the snap-pin channel 264. Discussion ofthe snap-pins 250 for the corner support blocks 50 is also applicable tothe intermediate support blocks 80.

Each snap-pin 250 comprises a headend 252 for engaging the uppersnap-pin opening 260 in the top deck 30, a body 254 coupled to theheadend and extending within the snap-pin channel 264, and a pair ofspaced apart tips 256 coupled to the body and extending through thelower snap-pin opening 262 for resiliently engaging the lower surface ofthe bottom deck 40.

The body 254 includes a pair of notches 270 to intentionally weaken thesnap-pin 250 so that when an excessive separation force is appliedbetween the top and bottom decks 30, 40, the body snaps or breaks. Thenotches 270 are sized so that the body 254 will snap or break at apredetermined failure load, as readily appreciated by those skilled inthe art.

The headend 252 of each snap-pin 250 may be rectangular shaped. Eachsnap-pin opening 260 in the upper deck 30 is correspondingly shaped thesame. This helps to hold the snap-pins 250 in place. The snap-pins 250are typically inserted into the pallet 20 after the upper and lowerdecks 30, 40 have been joined with the corner and intermediate supportblocks 50, 80.

The spaced apart tips 256 of each snap-pin 250 may be angled tofacilitate insertion thereof through the snap-pin receiving cavity 264.Each tip 256 has a respective lip 258 for engaging the backside of thebottom deck 40.

On the backside of the bottom deck 40, the lower snap-pin openings 262are recessed. This is to allow room for the lips 258 on the tips 256 toclear and engage the backside of the bottom deck 40 without extendingpast the lower surface of the bottom deck, as illustrated in FIG. 15.Similarly, the upper snap-pin openings 260 in the top deck 30 arerecessed. This allows clearance for the head 252 of each snap-pin 250 toengage an upper snap-pin opening 260 in the top deck 30 withoutextending past the upper surface of the top deck, as illustrated in FIG.2.

The pallet 20 further includes a plurality of tubular inserts 300carried by the top deck 30, as illustrated in FIG. 16. The tubularinserts 300 are along the perimeter of the top deck 30, as well asdiagonally positioned within the area enclosed by the perimeter. Thetubular inserts 300 are metal, and add strength and durability to thetop deck 30. Although not illustrated, the bottom deck 40 also includestubular inserts.

The tubular inserts 300 along the perimeter of the top deck 30 butt upagainst the upper towers 210 in the corner and intermediate supportblocks 50, 80. The top deck 30 is formed in a twin sheet thermoformingprocess and has a thermoplastic upper sheet 31 which is fused to athermoplastic lower sheet 33, as illustrated in FIG. 17. The upper sheet31 and the lower sheet 33 thus have a fused seam 37 along the perimeteredges of the upper deck 30. The bottom deck 40 is also formed in a twinsheet thermoforming process.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet 20 withsupport blocks 50, 80 having an upper tower 210 as described above. Themethod includes forming a top deck 30 having a rectangular shape withspaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with the lower surface 31 havinga plurality of upper tower openings 220 therein, and forming a bottomdeck 40 having a rectangular. The method further includes coupling aplurality of spaced apart support blocks 50, 80 between the top andbottom decks 30, 40 and forming a gap therebetween for receiving alifting member. Each support block 50, 80 includes an outer wall 51enclosing a center area, and a core structure 200 having a rectangularshape within the center area, and with upper surfaces of the coreassembly and the outer wall being coplanar. An upper tower 210 extendsoutwards from the core structure 200 and into a corresponding uppertower opening 220 in the top deck 30 so as to provide a shear loadtransfer during impact with the lifting member. First ribs 202 may bebetween the outer wall 51 and the core structure 200, and second ribs204 may be within an interior area of the upper tower 210.

Referring now to FIGS. 18-20, another embodiment of the support blocks50, 80 is based on each support block 350 comprising separable inner andouter blocks 360, 380. If a support block 350 is damaged from impactwith the tines of a forklift or pallet jack, then the inner block 380 orthe outer block 350 may be replaced without having to replace the entirecorner support block.

The outer block 360 has an open top surface exposing an inner blockreceiving area 362 therein, and having a bottom surface 364, and firstand second pairs of opposing outer block side surfaces 366, 368 carriedby the bottom surface. Each opposing outer block side surface 366, 368has a pocket opening therein 370 for also exposing the inner blockreceiving area 362.

The inner block 380 is inserted into the inner block receiving area 362of the outer block 360. The inner block 380 includes first and secondpairs of opposing inner block side surfaces 382, 384, with each opposinginner block side surface aligned a pocket opening 370 in a correspondingouter block side surface 366, 368 so as to form a pocket 410 by coveringthe pocket opening.

The outer and inner blocks 360, 380 may be molded from thermoplastic orother polymer materials, including high density polyethylene (HDPE),polypropylene (PP), among other polymer materials. As may be appreciatedby those skilled in the art, the polymer materials may be filled orunfilled and/or may include particulate or fibrous, natural or syntheticmaterials, among other features. For example, unfilled HDPE may provideimproved impact strength, PP having strengtheners (i.e., long glassfibers) may provide improved structural properties, and unfilled PP withrandom copolymers may provide improved reinforcement qualities.

Each of the outer and inner blocks 360, 380 may be formed with the samethermoplastic or polymer material. Alternatively, the outer block 360may be formed with a first type of thermoplastic or polymer material,and the inner block 380 may be formed with a second type ofthermoplastic or polymer material.

The other embodiment support blocks, such as corner support blocks 50and intermediate support blocks 80, and the snap pins 250 as discussedabove, may also be formed using a thermoplastic or other polymermaterials.

The first and second pairs of opposing inner block side surfaces 382,384 of each inner block 380 enclose a center area. Each inner block 380further includes a core structure 390 having a rectangular shape withinthe center area.

A first set of ribs 392 is between the first and second pairs ofopposing inner block side surfaces outer 382, 384 and the core structure390. A second set of ribs 394 is within an interior area of the corestructure 390.

When the inner block 380 and the outer block 360 are joined together,the first set of ribs 392 extend past the first and second pairs ofopposing inner block side surfaces outer 382, 384 so as to contact theouter block 360. More particularly, the first set of ribs 392 contactthe adjacent side surfaces 412 of the pockets 410.

The top deck 30 has spaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with thelower surface 31 having a plurality of upper tower openings 220 therein,as illustrated in FIG. 11. Each inner block 380 further includes anupper tower 400 extending outwards from the core structure 390 and intoa corresponding upper tower opening 220 in the top deck 30 so as toprovide a shear load transfer during impact with the lifting member.

The core structure 390 and the upper tower 400 have a same sizerectangular shape. The sidewalls of the core structure 390 and the uppertower 400 are aligned.

Each pocket 410 is recessed from adjacent outer edges of the top andbottom decks. Each outer block side surface 366, 368 having the pocketopening 370 formed therein includes an outer exposed wall 414surrounding the pocket opening, and adjacent side surfaces 412 extendingbetween the outer exposed wall and the pocket opening. The inner blockside surface 382, 384 aligned with the pocket opening 370 forms a bottomsurface of the pocket 410, with the adjacent side surfaces 412 beingnon-orthogonal with respect to the outer exposed wall 414 and the bottomsurface.

Each outer block 360 includes a respective exposed support block cornersurface 416 extending between an outer block side surface 366 in thefirst pair of opposing outer block side surfaces and an adjacent outerblock side surface 368 in the second pair of outer block side surfaces.

The bottom deck 40 has spaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with theupper surface 41 having a plurality of paired projection openings 230recessed therein. Each paired projection openings 230 is aligned with acorresponding upper tower opening 220 in the top deck 30. Each supportblock further includes paired projections 420 extending from a lowersurface of the core structure 390 and into corresponding pairedprojection openings 230 in the bottom deck 40, as illustrated in FIG.13.

Portions 234 of the paired projection openings 230 in the bottom deck 40are tapered, and portions 422 of the paired projections 420 are tapered.The tapered portions 234 of the paired projection openings 230 areangled towards the core structure 390. Similarly, the tapered portions422 of the paired projections 420 are angled towards the core structure390.

The top deck 30 has a plurality of upper snap-pin openings 260 extendingthrough the plurality of tower assembly openings 220, as illustrated inFIG. 11. Similarly, the bottom deck 40 has a plurality of lower snap-pinopenings 262 extending therethrough and aligned with the plurality ofupper snap-pin openings 260, as illustrated in FIG. 13. The upper tower400 in each support block 350 includes a snap-pin channel 430 extendingtherethrough and aligned with respective upper and lower snap-pinopenings 260, 262 in the top and bottom decks 30, 40. Snap-pins 250 areinserted into the snap-pin channels 430 as discussed above.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet 20 withsupport blocks 350 that include inner and outer blocks 360, 380 asdescribed above. The method includes forming a top deck 30, forming abottom deck 40, and coupling a plurality of spaced apart support blocks350 between the top and bottom decks and forming a gap therebetween forreceiving a lifting member. Each support block 350 includes an outerblock 360 having an open top surface exposing an inner block receivingarea 362 therein, and includes a bottom surface 364, and first andsecond pairs of opposing outer block side surfaces 366, 368 carried bythe bottom surface. Each opposing outer block side surface 366, 368 hasa pocket opening 370 therein for also exposing the inner block receivingarea. An inner block 380 is inserted into the inner block receiving area362 of the outer block 360, and includes first and second pairs ofopposing inner block side surfaces 382, 384. Each opposing inner blockside surface 382, 384 is aligned with a pocket opening 370 in acorresponding outer block side surface 366, 368 so as to form a pocket410 by covering the pocket opening.

Another embodiment of the above described pallet 20 will now bediscussed in reference to FIGS. 21-27. In this embodiment, the plasticpallet 500 includes support blocks 530 with upper and lower towers 550,570, and interlocking tower assemblies 590 extending through the supportblocks 530 for coupling the top and bottom decks 510, 520 together.

A cross-sectional view of the pallet 500 through a center of a supportblock 530 is provided in FIG. 22. The top deck 510 has a rectangularshape with spaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with the lower surfacehaving a plurality of upper tower openings 512 recessed therein and aplurality of stepped upper projections 514 projecting therefrom. Eachstepped upper projection 514 is adjacent a respective upper toweropening 512 so as to form a top deck upper stepped interface.

Similarly, the bottom deck 520 has a rectangular shape with spaced apartupper and lower surfaces, with the upper surface having a plurality oflower tower openings 522 recessed therein and a plurality of steppedlower projections 524 projecting therefrom. Each stepped lowerprojection 524 is adjacent a respective lower tower opening 522 so as toform a bottom deck lower stepped interface.

Spaced apart support blocks 530 are coupled between the top and bottomdecks 510, 520 and form a gap therebetween for receiving a liftingmember. The support blocks 530 may be configured as corner supportblocks or intermediate support blocks. Each support block 530 includes amid-section 532 having spaced apart upper and lower surfaces.

An upper tower 550 extends from the upper surface of the mid-section532. The upper surface has a stepped upper projection recess 534adjacent to the upper tower 550 so as to form a support block upperstepped interface. The upper tower 550 is inserted into a correspondingupper tower recess 512 in the top deck 510, while the stepped uppertower projection recess 534 receives a corresponding stepped upper towerprojection 514 from the top deck 510 so that the top deck upper steppedinterface contacts the support block upper stepped interface so as toprovide a shear load transfer during impact with the lifting member.

A lower tower 570 extends from the lower surface of the mid-section 532.The lower surface has a stepped lower projection recess 536 adjacent tothe lower tower 570 so as to form a support block lower steppedinterface. The lower tower 570 is inserted into a corresponding lowertower recess 522 in the bottom deck 520, while the stepped lower towerprojection recess 536 receives a corresponding stepped lower towerprojection 524 from the bottom deck 520 so that the bottom deck lowerstepped interface contacts the support block lower stepped interface soas to provide a shear load transfer during impact with the liftingmember.

The pallet 500 further includes interlocking tower assemblies 590extending between the top and bottom decks 510, 520 and through thesupport blocks 530. Each interlocking tower assembly 590 includes atubular section 592 carried by the bottom deck 520 and having an end 594contacting the lower surface of the top deck 520. The end 594 may bestraight, or flared as illustrated. An insert 602 is carried by the topdeck 510 and has a tapered end 604 inserted into the end 594 of thetubular section 592.

The tubular section 592 includes a biasing member 596, and the insert602 includes a catch 606 that engages the biasing member. Theillustrated biasing member 596 is a spring, and the catch 606 is agroove along sidewalls of the insert 602. The spring 596 releases thegroove 606 at a predetermined load

The interlocking tower assembly 590 coupling the top and bottom decks510, 520 together is illustrated in FIG. 23 without the support block530 in place. Sheet metal 511 carried by the top deck 510 is used tosecure the insert 602 to the top deck 510, and sheet metal 511 carriedby the bottom deck 520 is used to secure the tubular section 592 to thebottom deck 520, as illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24.

As shown in FIG. 24, the insert 602 is fully seated in the tubularsection 592. When the tines of the pallet jack are inserted too farbetween the top and bottom decks 510, 520 such that the wheels of thepallet jack are resting on the bottom deck, then the bias member 596 inthe tubular section starts to separate from the catch 606 in the insert602 as force is applied, as illustrated in FIG. 25.

Once the bias member 596 clears the catch 606, then the top deck 510 isseparated from the bottom deck 520, as illustrated in FIG. 26. To resetthe connection, the tapered end 604 of the insert 602 is inserted intothe flared end 594 of the tubular section 592, as illustrated in FIG.27. This configuration advantageously provides a consistent resetting.

The mid-section of each support block 532 includes first and secondpairs of opposing exposed support block side surfaces 610, 620. Eachexposed support block side surface 610, 620 has a pocket 630 formedtherein for receiving an end of the lifting member so as to allow thepallet to be spun around. Each pocket 630 is recessed from adjacentouter edges of the top and bottom decks 510, 520.

Each exposed support block side surface 610, 620 having the pocket 630formed therein includes an outer exposed wall 640 surrounding thepocket. The pocket 630 includes a bottom surface 642 and adjacent sidesurfaces 644, with the adjacent side surfaces being non-orthogonal withrespect to the outer exposed wall and the bottom surface.

The mid-section 532 of each support block comprises a respective exposedsupport block corner surface 650 extending between an exposed supportblock side surface 610 in the first pair of exposed support block sidesurfaces and an adjacent exposed support block side surface 620 in thesecond pair of exposed support block side surfaces.

The pallet 500 further includes tubular inserts 660 carried by the topdeck 510 along outer edges thereof. Each tubular insert 660 butts upagainst at least one upper tower 550.

Another aspect is directed to a method for making a pallet 20 withsupport blocks 530 with upper and lower towers 550, 570 as describedabove. The method includes forming a top deck 510 having a rectangularshape and forming a bottom deck 520 having a rectangular shape. The topdeck 510 includes spaced apart upper and lower surfaces, with the lowersurface having a plurality of upper tower openings 512 recessed thereinand a plurality of stepped upper projections 514 projecting therefrom.Each stepped upper projection 514 includes is adjacent a respectiveupper tower opening 512 so as to form a top deck upper steppedinterface.

The bottom deck 520 includes spaced apart upper and lower surfaces, withthe upper surface having a plurality of lower tower openings 522recessed therein and a plurality of stepped lower projections 524projecting therefrom. Each stepped lower projection 524 is adjacent arespective lower tower opening 522 so as to form a bottom deck lowerstepped interface.

The method further includes forming a plurality of spaced apart supportblocks 530 between the top and bottom decks 510, 520 and forming a gaptherebetween for receiving a lifting member. Each support block 530includes a mid-section 532 having spaced apart upper and lower surfaces,and an upper tower 550 extending from the upper surface of themid-section 532. The upper surface may have a stepped upper projectionopening 534 adjacent to the upper tower 550 so as to form a supportblock upper stepped interface. The upper tower 550 may be inserted intoa corresponding upper tower opening 512 in the top deck 510, while thestepped upper tower projection opening 534 receives a correspondingstepped upper tower projection 514 from the top deck 510 so that the topdeck upper stepped interface contacts the support block upper steppedinterface so as to provide a shear load transfer during impact with thelifting member.

A lower tower 570 extends from the lower surface of the mid-section 532,and with the lower surface having a stepped lower projection opening 536adjacent to the lower tower 570 so as to form a support block lowerstepped interface. The lower tower 570 is inserted into a correspondinglower tower opening 522 in the bottom deck 520, while the stepped lowertower projection opening 536 receives a corresponding stepped lowertower projection 524 from the bottom deck 520 so that the bottom decklower stepped interface contacts the support block lower steppedinterface so as to provide a shear load transfer during impact with thelifting member.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come tothe mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachingspresented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings.Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited tothe specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications andembodiments are intended to be included as readily appreciated by thoseskilled in the art.

That which is claimed:
 1. A pallet comprising: a top deck having arectangular shape with outer exposed edges; a bottom deck having arectangular shape with outer exposed edges; a plurality of spaced apartcorner support blocks and a plurality of intermediate support blockscoupled between said top and bottom decks and forming a gap therebetweenfor receiving a lifting member; and a plurality of centerline markingscomprising a reflective material on the outer exposed edges of at leastone of said top and bottom decks so as to provide a visual aid to anoperator of the lifting member.
 2. The pallet according to claim 1wherein each centerline marking comprises a reflective material.
 3. Thepallet according to claim 1 wherein each centerline marking is recessedwith respect to the outer exposed edges of at least one of said top deckand said bottom deck.
 4. The pallet according to claim 1 wherein eachcenterline marking extends on one of the outer exposed edges betweensaid plurality of corner support blocks and said plurality ofintermediate support blocks.
 5. The pallet according to claim 4 whereineach centerline marking extending between a corner support block and anintermediate support block includes a gap corresponding to a centerbetween the corner support block and the intermediate support block. 6.A pallet comprising: a top deck having a rectangular shape; a bottomdeck having a rectangular shape; a plurality of spaced apart cornersupport blocks and a plurality of intermediate support blocks coupledbetween said top and bottom decks and forming a gap therebetween forreceiving a lifting member, with each corner and intermediate supportblock having outer exposed edges; and a plurality of centerline markingscomprising a reflective material on the outer exposed edges of at leastone of said plurality of corner and intermediate support blocks so as toprovide a visual aid to an operator of the lifting member.
 7. The palletaccording to claim 6 wherein each centerline marking is recessed withrespect to the outer exposed edges of said plurality of intermediate andcorner support blocks.
 8. A method for making a pallet comprising:forming a top deck having a rectangular shape with outer exposed edges;forming a bottom deck having a rectangular shape with outer exposededges; coupling a plurality of spaced apart corner support blocks and aplurality of intermediate support blocks coupled between the top andbottom decks and forming a gap therebetween for receiving a liftingmember; and providing a plurality of centerline markings comprising areflective material on the outer exposed edges of at least one of thetop and bottom decks so as to provide a visual aid to an operator of thelifting member.
 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein eachcenterline marking comprises a reflective material.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 8 wherein each centerline marking is recessed withrespect to the outer exposed edges of at least one of said top deck andsaid bottom deck.
 11. A method for making a pallet comprising: forming atop deck having a rectangular shape; forming a bottom deck having arectangular shape; coupling a plurality of spaced apart corner supportblocks and a plurality of intermediate support blocks between said topand bottom decks and forming a gap therebetween for receiving a liftingmember, with each corner and intermediate support block having outerexposed edges; and providing a plurality of centerline markingscomprising a reflective material on the outer exposed edges of at leastone of the plurality of corner and intermediate support blocks so as toprovide a visual aid to an operator of the lifting member.
 12. Themethod according to claim 11 wherein each centerline marking is recessedwith respect to the outer exposed edges of at least one of said top deckand said bottom deck.